Both John Rawls and Jurgen Habermas have been criticized for producing political theories that force religious people to adopt dual personas, one political and the other religious. Since both Rawls and Habermas stand firmly in the tradition of Kantian thought, the question might be raised whether Kant, himself, is vulnerable to a similar criticism.

I propose to present an account of Kant that maintains the distinction between public and private reason while acknowledging the integrated identity of the religious citizen. I will use Kant's political writings to develop an account of political activity as standing within a continuum between an ideal, enlightened society and a Hobbesian state of nature. I will argue that, for Kant, the development of a more enlightened society requires an increased capacity for integrating public and private reason. I will conclude that liberal democratic societies need to develop structures that open up possibilities for people to integrate religious insights and political activity.